Understanding Your Knee Pain

Knee pain is a common complaint that can affect people of all ages and activity levels. Understanding the causes of knee pain and how it can be assessed and treated is the first step toward effective management. Whether you’re dealing with discomfort from an old injury, struggling with pain during physical activity, or experiencing symptoms linked to arthritis, this guide will help you understand the basics of knee pain and available treatment options.

Basic Knee Anatomy

The knee is one of the largest and most complex joints in the body. It is a hinge joint, allowing the leg to bend and straighten while providing stability. The knee comprises:

• Bones: The femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), and patella (kneecap) form the joint.

• Cartilage: The menisci (crescent-shaped discs) cushion the joint, while articular cartilage covers the ends of the bones for smooth movement.

• Ligaments: Four key ligaments—ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL—stabilise the joint.

• Tendons: Tendons connect muscles to bones, with the quadriceps and patellar tendons playing vital roles in knee movement.

• Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs reduce friction in the joint.

Mechanisms of Knee Pain

Athletic Injuries

In physically active individuals, knee pain often stems from injuries like ligament tears (e.g., ACL tears), meniscal damage, or overuse conditions such as tendinitis. These issues are frequently caused by sudden movements, repetitive strain, or direct trauma.

Degenerative Conditions

In older adults or those with a history of joint stress, knee pain may arise from wear-and-tear conditions like osteoarthritis. Degeneration of cartilage can lead to inflammation, stiffness, and discomfort during everyday activities.

Anatomical Structures That Can Cause Knee Pain

• Ligament Injuries: ACL or MCL tears can cause instability and swelling.

• Meniscal Tears: Damage to the cartilage can result in catching, locking, or pain during movement.

• Arthritis: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout can lead to chronic pain and swelling.

• Tendinitis or Bursitis: Inflammation in tendons or bursae can cause localized pain.

• Patellar Issues: Conditions like chondromalacia patella or patellar tracking disorders affect the kneecap's movement.

How We Investigate Knee Pain

History and Examination

A detailed history of your symptoms and activities provides clues about the underlying issue. During a physical examination, we assess range of motion, strength, stability, and areas of tenderness.

Imaging Studies

Depending on the clinical picture, imaging may be necessary:

• X-rays: Useful for identifying fractures, bone alignment, and signs of arthritis.

• MRI Scans: Provide detailed images of soft tissues like ligaments, cartilage, and tendons to diagnose injuries or degeneration.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the underlying cause of your knee pain.

Conservative Treatments

• Rest and Activity Modification: Reducing activities that aggravate pain.

• Physiotherapy: Strengthening muscles around the knee to improve stability.

• Medications: Pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs.

• Injections: Corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injections may reduce inflammation or improve joint lubrication.

Surgical Treatments

Surgery is typically considered only when conservative measures fail. Options include:

• Arthroscopy: Minimally invasive procedures to repair or remove damaged tissue.

• Joint Replacement: Reserved for severe arthritis or significant structural damage.

Get Professional Help

If you suffer from knee pain and would like an assessment, we are here to help. Contact us today to discuss your symptoms and create a personalised treatment plan to get you back to your best.